Title: Between Friends: Analyzing Communication Dynamics Between Adolescents with Hearing Loss and their Hearing Peers

Abstract: Friendships are essential for adolescent development, fostering emotional well-being, social competence, and a sense of belonging (Lambez et al., 2020; Manchanda et al., 2023). For deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) adolescents, friendships with hearing peers present unique opportunities and challenges shaped by communication access, social perceptions, and environmental factors (Terlektsi et al., 2020). Research on these friendships remains limited, particularly in understanding how communication strategies influence relationship quality.

This mixed methods study examined the friendships of five DHH-hearing adolescent friend pairs (ages 8–15, mean age = 10.8) through qualitative interviews and quantitative analysis using the Friendship Qualities Questionnaire (FQQ; Bukowski et al., 1994). Based upon the parameters of the FQQ, results from five key themes – companionship, help, conflict, security, and closeness – are shared alongside emergent subthemes that capture the complexities of these relationships. A central focus is the role of communication strategies in fostering connection, navigating conflict, and maintaining closeness.

Grounded in the social model of disability (Oliver, 1990), this study shifts the perspective from individual deficits to the broader environmental and social structures that shape friendships. Findings highlight both challenges, such as communication breakdowns and social exclusion, and strengths, including creativity in communication, mutual support, and deep emotional bonds. Observations provide further insight into the natural interactions between DHH and hearing friends, illustrating how they adapt and negotiate their social worlds. The results of this study offer valuable implications for speech-language pathologists, educators, and caregivers. By identifying key factors that contribute to successful friendships, professionals can support social communication development and implement strategies to promote inclusive peer interactions. Findings underscore the need for increased awareness of accessibility in social settings and suggest practical approaches to fostering meaningful, supportive friendships for DHH adolescents.